# Telugu character tables #
This document lists the per-character shaping information needed to
[shape Telugu text](../opentype-shaping-telugu.md).
**Contents**
- [Telugu character table](#telugu-character-table)
- [Vedic Extensions character table](#vedic-extensions-character-table)
- [Miscellaneous character table](#miscellaneous-character-table)
## Telugu character table ##
Telugu glyphs should be classified as in the following
table. Codepoints in the Telugu block with no assigned meaning are
designated as _unassigned_ in the _Unicode category_ column.
Assigned codepoints with a _null_ in the _Shaping class_
column evoke no special behavior from the shaping engine. Note that
this does include some valid codepoints, such as currency marks,
punctuation, and other symbols.
> Note: the `NUMBER` and `SYMBOL` _Shaping classes_ are important
> during syllable identification, but generally evoke no further
> special behavior during the rest of the shaping process.
The _Mark-placement subclass_ column indicates mark-placement
positioning for codepoints in the _Mark_ category. Assigned, non-mark
codepoints have a _null_ in this column and evoke no special
mark-placement behavior. Marks tagged with [Mn] in the _Unicode
category_ column are categorized as non-spacing; marks tagged with
[Mc] are categorized as spacing-combining.
Some codepoints in the following table use a _Shaping class_ that
differs from the codepoint's Unicode _General Category_. The _Shaping
class_ takes precedence during OpenType shaping, as it captures more
specific, script-aware behavior.
:::{table} Telugu character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-----------------------------|
|`U+0C00` | Mark [Mn] | BINDU | TOP_POSITION | ఀ Combining Candrabindu Above |
|`U+0C01` | Mark [Mc] | BINDU | RIGHT_POSITION | ఁ Candrabindu |
|`U+0C02` | Mark [Mc] | BINDU | RIGHT_POSITION | ం Anusvara |
|`U+0C03` | Mark [Mc] | VISARGA | RIGHT_POSITION | ః Visarga |
|`U+0C04` | Mark [Mn] | BINDU | TOP_POSITION | ఄ Combining Anusvara Above |
|`U+0C05` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | అ A |
|`U+0C06` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఆ Aa |
|`U+0C07` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఇ I |
|`U+0C08` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఈ Ii |
|`U+0C09` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఉ U |
|`U+0C0A` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఊ Uu |
|`U+0C0B` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఋ Vocalic R |
|`U+0C0C` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఌ Vocalic L |
|`U+0C0D` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C0E` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఎ E |
|`U+0C0F` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఏ Ee |
| | | | |
|`U+0C10` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఐ Ai |
|`U+0C11` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C12` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఒ O |
|`U+0C13` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఓ Oo |
|`U+0C14` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ఔ Au |
|`U+0C15` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | క Ka |
|`U+0C16` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ఖ Kha |
|`U+0C17` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | గ Ga |
|`U+0C18` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ఘ Gha |
|`U+0C19` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ఙ Nga |
|`U+0C1A` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | చ Ca |
|`U+0C1B` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ఛ Cha |
|`U+0C1C` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | జ Ja |
|`U+0C1D` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ఝ Jha |
|`U+0C1E` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ఞ Nya |
|`U+0C1F` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ట Tta |
| | | | |
|`U+0C20` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ఠ Ttha |
|`U+0C21` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | డ Dda |
|`U+0C22` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ఢ Ddha |
|`U+0C23` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ణ Nna |
|`U+0C24` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | త Ta |
|`U+0C25` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | థ Tha |
|`U+0C26` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ద Da |
|`U+0C27` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ధ Dha |
|`U+0C28` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | న Na |
|`U+0C29` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C2A` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ప Pa |
|`U+0C2B` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ఫ Pha |
|`U+0C2C` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | బ Ba |
|`U+0C2D` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | భ Bha |
|`U+0C2E` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | మ Ma |
|`U+0C2F` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | య Ya |
| | | | |
|`U+0C30` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ర Ra |
|`U+0C31` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ఱ Rra |
|`U+0C32` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ల La |
|`U+0C33` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ళ Lla |
|`U+0C34` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ఴ Llla |
|`U+0C35` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | వ Va |
|`U+0C36` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | శ Sha |
|`U+0C37` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ష Ssa |
|`U+0C38` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | స Sa |
|`U+0C39` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | హ Ha |
|`U+0C3A` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C3B` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C3C` | Mark [Mn] | NUKTA | BOTTOM_POSITION | ఼ Nukta |
|`U+0C3D` | Letter | AVAGRAHA | _null_ | ఽ Avagraha |
|`U+0C3E` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ా Sign Aa |
|`U+0C3F` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ి Sign I |
| | | | |
|`U+0C40` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ీ Sign Ii |
|`U+0C41` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ు Sign U |
|`U+0C42` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ూ Sign Uu |
|`U+0C43` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ృ Sign Vocalic R |
|`U+0C44` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ౄ Sign Vocalic Rr |
|`U+0C45` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C46` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ె Sign E |
|`U+0C47` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ే Sign Ee |
|`U+0C48` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_AND_BOTTOM_POSITION | ై Sign Ai |
|`U+0C49` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C4A` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ొ Sign O |
|`U+0C4B` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ో Sign Oo |
|`U+0C4C` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ౌ Sign Au |
|`U+0C4D` | Mark [Mn] | VIRAMA | TOP_POSITION | ్ Virama |
|`U+0C4E` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C4F` | _unassigned_ | | | |
| | | | |
|`U+0C50` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C51` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C52` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C53` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C54` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C55` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ౕ Length Mark |
|`U+0C56` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | BOTTOM_POSITION | ౖ Ai Length Mark |
|`U+0C57` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C58` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ౘ Tsa |
|`U+0C59` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ౙ Dza |
|`U+0C5A` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ౚ Rrra |
|`U+0C5B` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C5C` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C5D` | Letter | CONSONANT_DEAD | _null_ | ౝ Nakaara Pollu |
|`U+0C5E` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C5F` | _unassigned_ | | | |
| | | | |
|`U+0C60` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ౠ Vocalic Rr |
|`U+0C61` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ౡ Vocalic Ll |
|`U+0C62` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | BOTTOM_POSITION | ౢ Sign Vocalic L |
|`U+0C63` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | BOTTOM_POSITION | ౣ Sign Vocalic Ll |
|`U+0C64` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C65` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C66` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౦ Digit Zero |
|`U+0C67` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౧ Digit One |
|`U+0C68` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౨ Digit Two |
|`U+0C69` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౩ Digit Three |
|`U+0C6A` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౪ Digit Four |
|`U+0C6B` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౫ Digit Five |
|`U+0C6C` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౬ Digit Six |
|`U+0C6D` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౭ Digit Seven |
|`U+0C6E` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౮ Digit Eight |
|`U+0C6F` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౯ Digit Nine |
| | | | |
|`U+0C70` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C71` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C72` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C73` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C74` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C75` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C76` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C77` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | ౷ Sign Siddham |
|`U+0C78` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౸ Fraction Zero Odd P |
|`U+0C79` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౹ Fraction One Odd P |
|`U+0C7A` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౺ Fraction Two Odd P |
|`U+0C7B` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౻ Fraction Three Odd P|
|`U+0C7C` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౼ Fraction One Even P |
|`U+0C7D` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౽ Fraction Two Even P |
|`U+0C7E` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ౾ Fraction Three Even P|
|`U+0C7F` | Symbol | SYMBOL | _null_ | ౿ Tuumu |
:::
## Vedic Extensions character table ##
Sanskrit runs written in the Telugu script may also include
characters from the Vedic Extensions block. These characters should be
classified as follows.
> Note: See the [Vedic Extensions](../opentype-shaping-vedic-extensions.md)
> document for additional information.
:::{table} Vedic Extensions character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-----------------------------|
|`U+1CD0` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳐ Tone Karshana |
|`U+1CD1` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳑ Tone Shara |
|`U+1CD2` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳒ Tone Prenkha |
|`U+1CD3` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | ᳓ Sign Nihshvasa |
|`U+1CD4` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | OVERSTRUCK | ᳔ Tone Midline Svarita |
|`U+1CD5` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳕ Tone Aggravated Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CD6` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳖ Tone Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CD7` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳗ Tone Kathaka Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CD8` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳘ Tone Candra Below |
|`U+1CD9` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳙ Tone Kathaka Independent Svarita Schroeder |
|`U+1CDA` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳚ Tone Double Svarita |
|`U+1CDB` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳛ Tone Triple Svarita |
|`U+1CDC` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳜ Tone Kathaka Anudatta |
|`U+1CDD` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳝ Tone Dot Below |
|`U+1CDE` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳞ Tone Two Dots Below |
|`U+1CDF` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳟ Tone Three Dots Below |
| | | | |
|`U+1CE0` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳠ Tone Rigvedic Kashmiri Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CE1` | Mark [Mc] | CANTILLATION | RIGHT_POSITION | ᳡ Tone Atharavedic Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CE2` | Mark [Mn] | AVAGRAHA | OVERSTRUCK | ᳢ Sign Visarga Svarita |
|`U+1CE3` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳣ Sign Visarga Udatta |
|`U+1CE4` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳤ Sign Reversed Visarga Udatta |
|`U+1CE5` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳥ Sign Visarga Anudatta |
|`U+1CE6` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳦ Sign Reversed Visarga Anudatta |
|`U+1CE7` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳧ Sign Visarga Udatta With Tail |
|`U+1CE8` | Mark [Mn] | AVAGRAHA | OVERSTRUCK | ᳨ Sign Visarga Anudatta With Tail |
|`U+1CE9` | Letter | SYMBOL | _null_ | ᳩ Sign Anusvara Antargomukha |
|`U+1CEA` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳪ Sign Anusvara Bahirgomukha |
|`U+1CEB` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳫ Sign Anusvara Vamagomukha |
|`U+1CEC` | Letter | SYMBOL | _null_ | ᳬ Sign Anusvara Vamagomukha With Tail |
|`U+1CED` | Mark [Mn] | AVAGRAHA | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳭ Sign Tiryak |
|`U+1CEE` | Letter | SYMBOL | _null_ | ᳮ Sign Hexiform Long Anusvara |
|`U+1CEF` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳯ Sign Long Anusvara |
| | | | |
|`U+1CF0` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳰ Sign Rthang Long Anusvara |
|`U+1CF1` | Letter | SYMBOL | _null_ | ᳱ Sign Anusvara Ubhayato Mukha |
|`U+1CF2` | Letter | CONSONANT_DEAD | _null_ | ᳲ Sign Ardhavisarga |
|`U+1CF3` | Letter | CONSONANT_DEAD | _null_ | ᳳ Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga |
|`U+1CF4` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳴ Tone Candra Above |
|`U+1CF5` | Letter | CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER | _null_ | ᳵ Sign Jihvamuliya |
|`U+1CF6` | Letter | CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER | _null_ | ᳶ Sign Upadhmaniya |
|`U+1CF7` | Mark [Mc] | _null_ | _null_ | ᳷ Sign Atikrama |
|`U+1CF8` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | _null_ | ᳸ Tone Ring Above |
|`U+1CF9` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | _null_ | ᳹ Tone Double Ring Above |
|`U+1CFA` | Letter | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ᳺ Sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha |
|`U+1CFB` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFC` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFD` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFE` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFF` | _unassigned_ | | | |
:::
## Miscellaneous character table ##
In addition to general punctuation, runs of Telugu text often use the
danda (`U+0964`) and double danda (`U+0965`) punctuation marks from
the Devanagari block. Telugu text can also incorporate the udatta
(`U+0951`) and anudatta (`U+0952`) signs from the Devanagari block.
:::{table} Additional punctuation character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-------------------------------|
|`U+0951` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ॑ Udatta |
|`U+0952` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ॒ Anudatta |
|`U+0964` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | । Danda |
|`U+0965` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | ॥ Double Danda |
:::
Other important characters that may be encountered when shaping runs
of Telugu text include the dotted-circle placeholder (`U+25CC`), the
zero-width joiner (`U+200D`) and zero-width non-joiner (`U+200C`), and
the no-break space (`U+00A0`).
The dotted-circle placeholder is frequently used when displaying a
dependent vowel (matra) or a combining mark in isolation. Real-world
text syllables may also use other characters, such as hyphens or dashes,
in a similar placeholder fashion; shaping engines should cope with
this situation gracefully.
:::{table} Miscellaneous character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-------------------------------|
|`U+00A0` | Separator | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | No-break space |
|`U+200C` | Other | NON_JOINER | _null_ | Zero-width non-joiner |
|`U+200D` | Other | JOINER | _null_ | Zero-width joiner |
|`U+2010` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ‐ Hyphen |
|`U+2011` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ‑ No-break hyphen |
|`U+2012` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ‒ Figure dash |
|`U+2013` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | – En dash |
|`U+2014` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | — Em dash |
|`U+25CC` | Symbol | DOTTED_CIRCLE | _null_ | ◌ Dotted circle |
:::
The zero-width joiner (ZWJ) is primarily used to prevent the formation
of a conjunct from a "_Consonant_,Halant,_Consonant_" sequence. The
sequence "_Consonant_,Halant,ZWJ,_Consonant_" blocks the formation of
a conjunct between the two consonants.
Note, however, that the "_Consonant_,Halant" subsequence in the above
example may still trigger a half-forms feature. To prevent the
application of the half-forms feature in addition to preventing the
conjunct, the zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) must be used instead. The
sequence "_Consonant_,Halant,ZWNJ,_Consonant_" should produce the
first consonant in its standard form, followed by an explicit
"Halant".
A secondary usage of the zero-width joiner is to prevent the formation of
"Reph". An initial "Ra,Halant,ZWJ" sequence should not produce a "Reph",
where an initial "Ra,Halant" sequence without the zero-width joiner
otherwise would.
The no-break space (NBSP) is primarily used to display those
codepoints that are defined as non-spacing (marks, dependent vowels
(matras), below-base consonant forms, and post-base consonant forms)
in an isolated context, as an alternative to displaying them
superimposed on the dotted-circle placeholder. These sequences will
match "NBSP,ZWJ,Halant,_Consonant_", "NBSP,_mark_", or "NBSP,_matra_".