# Kannada character tables #
This document lists the per-character shaping information needed to
[shape Kannada text](../opentype-shaping-kannada.md).
**Contents**
- [Kannada character table](#kannada-character-table)
- [Vedic Extensions character table](#vedic-extensions-character-table)
- [Miscellaneous character table](#miscellaneous-character-table)
## Kannada character table ##
Kannada glyphs should be classified as in the following
table. Codepoints in the Kannada block with no assigned meaning are
designated as _unassigned_ in the _Unicode category_ column.
Assigned codepoints with a _null_ in the _Shaping class_
column evoke no special behavior from the shaping engine. Note that
this does include some valid codepoints, such as currency marks,
punctuation, and other symbols.
> Note: the `NUMBER` and `SYMBOL` _Shaping classes_ are important
> during syllable identification, but generally evoke no further
> special behavior during the rest of the shaping process.
The _Mark-placement subclass_ column indicates mark-placement
positioning for codepoints in the _Mark_ category. Assigned, non-mark
codepoints have a _null_ in this column and evoke no special
mark-placement behavior. Marks tagged with [Mn] in the _Unicode
category_ column are categorized as non-spacing; marks tagged with
[Mc] are categorized as spacing-combining.
Some codepoints in the following table use a _Shaping class_ that
differs from the codepoint's Unicode _General Category_. The _Shaping
class_ takes precedence during OpenType shaping, as it captures more
specific, script-aware behavior.
:::{table} Kannada character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-----------------------------|
|`U+0C80` | Letter | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ಀ Spacing Candrabindu |
|`U+0C81` | Mark [Mn] | BINDU | TOP_POSITION | ಁ Candrabindu |
|`U+0C82` | Mark [Mc] | BINDU | RIGHT_POSITION | ಂ Anusvara |
|`U+0C83` | Mark [Mc] | VISARGA | RIGHT_POSITION | ಃ Visarga |
|`U+0C84` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | ಄ Siddham |
|`U+0C85` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಅ A |
|`U+0C86` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಆ Aa |
|`U+0C87` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಇ I |
|`U+0C88` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಈ Ii |
|`U+0C89` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಉ U |
|`U+0C8A` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಊ Uu |
|`U+0C8B` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಋ Vocalic R |
|`U+0C8C` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಌ Vocalic L |
|`U+0C8D` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C8E` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಎ E |
|`U+0C8F` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಏ Ee |
| | | | |
|`U+0C90` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಐ Ai |
|`U+0C91` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0C92` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಒ O |
|`U+0C93` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಓ Oo |
|`U+0C94` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ಔ Au |
|`U+0C95` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಕ Ka |
|`U+0C96` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಖ Kha |
|`U+0C97` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಗ Ga |
|`U+0C98` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಘ Gha |
|`U+0C99` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಙ Nga |
|`U+0C9A` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಚ Ca |
|`U+0C9B` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಛ Cha |
|`U+0C9C` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಜ Ja |
|`U+0C9D` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಝ Jha |
|`U+0C9E` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಞ Nya |
|`U+0C9F` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಟ Tta |
| | | | |
|`U+0CA0` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಠ Ttha |
|`U+0CA1` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಡ Dda |
|`U+0CA2` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಢ Ddha |
|`U+0CA3` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಣ Nna |
|`U+0CA4` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ತ Ta |
|`U+0CA5` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಥ Tha |
|`U+0CA6` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ದ Da |
|`U+0CA7` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಧ Dha |
|`U+0CA8` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ನ Na |
|`U+0CA9` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CAA` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಪ Pa |
|`U+0CAB` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಫ Pha |
|`U+0CAC` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಬ Ba |
|`U+0CAD` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಭ Bha |
|`U+0CAE` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಮ Ma |
|`U+0CAF` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಯ Ya |
| | | | |
|`U+0CB0` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ರ Ra |
|`U+0CB1` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಱ Rra |
|`U+0CB2` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಲ La |
|`U+0CB3` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಳ Lla |
|`U+0CB4` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CB5` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ವ Va |
|`U+0CB6` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಶ Sha |
|`U+0CB7` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಷ Ssa |
|`U+0CB8` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಸ Sa |
|`U+0CB9` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ಹ Ha |
|`U+0CBA` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CBB` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CBC` | Mark [Mn] | NUKTA | BOTTOM_POSITION | ಼ Nukta |
|`U+0CBD` | Letter | AVAGRAHA | _null_ | ಽ Avagraha |
|`U+0CBE` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ಾ Sign Aa |
|`U+0CBF` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ಿ Sign I |
| | | | |
|`U+0CC0` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_AND_RIGHT_POSITION | ೀ Sign Ii |
|`U+0CC1` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ು Sign U |
|`U+0CC2` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ೂ Sign Uu |
|`U+0CC3` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ೃ Sign Vocalic R |
|`U+0CC4` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ೄ Sign Vocalic Rr |
|`U+0CC5` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CC6` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ೆ Sign E |
|`U+0CC7` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_AND_RIGHT_POSITION | ೇ Sign Ee |
|`U+0CC8` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_AND_RIGHT_POSITION | ೈ Sign Ai |
|`U+0CC9` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CCA` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_AND_RIGHT_POSITION | ೊ Sign O |
|`U+0CCB` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_AND_RIGHT_POSITION | ೋ Sign Oo |
|`U+0CCC` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ೌ Sign Au |
|`U+0CCD` | Mark [Mn] | VIRAMA | TOP_POSITION | ್ Virama |
|`U+0CCE` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CCF` | _unassigned_ | | | |
| | | | |
|`U+0CD0` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CD1` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CD2` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CD3` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CD4` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CD5` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ೕ Length Mark |
|`U+0CD6` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ೖ Ai Length Mark |
|`U+0CD7` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CD8` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CD9` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CDA` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CDB` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CDC` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CDD` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CDE` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ೞ Fa |
|`U+0CDF` | _unassigned_ | | | |
| | | | |
|`U+0CE0` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ೠ Vocalic Rr |
|`U+0CE1` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ೡ Vocalic Ll |
|`U+0CE2` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | BOTTOM_POSITION | ೢ Sign Vocalic L |
|`U+0CE3` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | BOTTOM_POSITION | ೣ Sign Vocalic Ll |
|`U+0CE4` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CE5` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CE6` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ೦ Digit Zero |
|`U+0CE7` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ೧ Digit One |
|`U+0CE8` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ೨ Digit Two |
|`U+0CE9` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ೩ Digit Three |
|`U+0CEA` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ೪ Digit Four |
|`U+0CEB` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ೫ Digit Five |
|`U+0CEC` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ೬ Digit Six |
|`U+0CED` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ೭ Digit Seven |
|`U+0CEE` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ೮ Digit Eight |
|`U+0CEF` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ೯ Digit Nine |
| | | | |
|`U+0CF0` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CF1` | Letter | CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER | _null_ | ೱ Jihvamuliya |
|`U+0CF2` | Letter | CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER | _null_ | ೲ Upadhmaniya |
|`U+0CF3` | Mark [Mc] | BINDU | RIGHT_POSITION | ೳ Combining Anusvara Above Right|
|`U+0CF4` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CF5` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CF6` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CF7` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CF8` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CF9` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CFA` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CFB` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CFC` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CFD` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CFE` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0CFF` | _unassigned_ | | | |
:::
## Vedic Extensions character table ##
Sanskrit runs written in the Kannada script may also include
characters from the Vedic Extensions block. These characters should be
classified as follows.
> Note: See the [Vedic Extensions](../opentype-shaping-vedic-extensions.md)
> document for additional information.
:::{table} Vedic Extensions character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-----------------------------|
|`U+1CD0` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳐ Tone Karshana |
|`U+1CD1` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳑ Tone Shara |
|`U+1CD2` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳒ Tone Prenkha |
|`U+1CD3` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | ᳓ Sign Nihshvasa |
|`U+1CD4` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | OVERSTRUCK | ᳔ Tone Midline Svarita |
|`U+1CD5` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳕ Tone Aggravated Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CD6` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳖ Tone Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CD7` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳗ Tone Kathaka Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CD8` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳘ Tone Candra Below |
|`U+1CD9` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳙ Tone Kathaka Independent Svarita Schroeder |
|`U+1CDA` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳚ Tone Double Svarita |
|`U+1CDB` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳛ Tone Triple Svarita |
|`U+1CDC` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳜ Tone Kathaka Anudatta |
|`U+1CDD` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳝ Tone Dot Below |
|`U+1CDE` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳞ Tone Two Dots Below |
|`U+1CDF` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳟ Tone Three Dots Below |
| | | | |
|`U+1CE0` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳠ Tone Rigvedic Kashmiri Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CE1` | Mark [Mc] | CANTILLATION | RIGHT_POSITION | ᳡ Tone Atharavedic Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CE2` | Mark [Mn] | AVAGRAHA | OVERSTRUCK | ᳢ Sign Visarga Svarita |
|`U+1CE3` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳣ Sign Visarga Udatta |
|`U+1CE4` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳤ Sign Reversed Visarga Udatta |
|`U+1CE5` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳥ Sign Visarga Anudatta |
|`U+1CE6` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳦ Sign Reversed Visarga Anudatta |
|`U+1CE7` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳧ Sign Visarga Udatta With Tail |
|`U+1CE8` | Mark [Mn] | AVAGRAHA | OVERSTRUCK | ᳨ Sign Visarga Anudatta With Tail |
|`U+1CE9` | Letter | SYMBOL | _null_ | ᳩ Sign Anusvara Antargomukha |
|`U+1CEA` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳪ Sign Anusvara Bahirgomukha |
|`U+1CEB` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳫ Sign Anusvara Vamagomukha |
|`U+1CEC` | Letter | SYMBOL | _null_ | ᳬ Sign Anusvara Vamagomukha With Tail |
|`U+1CED` | Mark [Mn] | AVAGRAHA | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳭ Sign Tiryak |
|`U+1CEE` | Letter | SYMBOL | _null_ | ᳮ Sign Hexiform Long Anusvara |
|`U+1CEF` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳯ Sign Long Anusvara |
| | | | |
|`U+1CF0` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳰ Sign Rthang Long Anusvara |
|`U+1CF2` | Letter | CONSONANT_DEAD | _null_ | ᳲ Sign Ardhavisarga |
|`U+1CF3` | Letter | CONSONANT_DEAD | _null_ | ᳳ Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga |
|`U+1CF3` | Mark [Mc] | VISARGA | _null_ | ᳳ Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga |
|`U+1CF4` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳴ Tone Candra Above |
|`U+1CF5` | Letter | CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER | _null_ | ᳵ Sign Jihvamuliya |
|`U+1CF6` | Letter | CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER | _null_ | ᳶ Sign Upadhmaniya |
|`U+1CF7` | Mark [Mc] | _null_ | _null_ | ᳷ Sign Atikrama |
|`U+1CF8` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | _null_ | ᳸ Tone Ring Above |
|`U+1CF9` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | _null_ | ᳹ Tone Double Ring Above |
|`U+1CFA` | Letter | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ᳺ Sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha |
|`U+1CFB` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFC` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFD` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFE` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFF` | _unassigned_ | | | |
:::
## Miscellaneous character table ##
In addition to general punctuation, runs of Kannada text often use the
danda (`U+0964`) and double danda (`U+0965`) punctuation marks from
the Devanagari block. Kannada text can also incorporate the udatta
(`U+0951`) and anudatta (`U+0952`) signs from the Devanagari block.
:::{table} Additional punctuation character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-------------------------------|
|`U+0951` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ॑ Udatta |
|`U+0952` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ॒ Anudatta |
|`U+0964` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | । Danda |
|`U+0965` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | ॥ Double Danda |
:::
Other important characters that may be encountered when shaping runs
of Kannada text include the dotted-circle placeholder (`U+25CC`), the
zero-width joiner (`U+200D`) and zero-width non-joiner (`U+200C`), and
the no-break space (`U+00A0`).
The dotted-circle placeholder is frequently used when displaying a
dependent vowel (matra) or a combining mark in isolation. Real-world
text syllables may also use other characters, such as hyphens or dashes,
in a similar placeholder fashion; shaping engines should cope with
this situation gracefully.
:::{table} Miscellaneous character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-------------------------------|
|`U+00A0` | Separator | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | No-break space |
|`U+200C` | Other | NON_JOINER | _null_ | Zero-width non-joiner |
|`U+200D` | Other | JOINER | _null_ | Zero-width joiner |
|`U+2010` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ‐ Hyphen |
|`U+2011` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ‑ No-break hyphen |
|`U+2012` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ‒ Figure dash |
|`U+2013` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | – En dash |
|`U+2014` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | — Em dash |
|`U+25CC` | Symbol | DOTTED_CIRCLE | _null_ | ◌ Dotted circle |
:::
The zero-width joiner (ZWJ) is primarily used to prevent the formation
of a conjunct from a "_Consonant_,Halant,_Consonant_" sequence. The
sequence "_Consonant_,Halant,ZWJ,_Consonant_" blocks the formation of
a conjunct between the two consonants.
Note, however, that the "_Consonant_,Halant" subsequence in the above
example may still trigger a half-forms feature. To prevent the
application of the half-forms feature in addition to preventing the
conjunct, the zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) must be used instead. The
sequence "_Consonant_,Halant,ZWNJ,_Consonant_" should produce the
first consonant in its standard form, followed by an explicit
A secondary usage of the zero-width joiner is to prevent the formation of
"Reph". An initial "Ra,Halant,ZWJ" sequence should not produce a "Reph",
where an initial "Ra,Halant" sequence without the zero-width joiner
otherwise would.
The no-break space (NBSP) is primarily used to display those
codepoints that are defined as non-spacing (marks, dependent vowels
(matras), below-base consonant forms, and post-base consonant forms)
in an isolated context, as an alternative to displaying them
superimposed on the dotted-circle placeholder. These sequences will
match "NBSP,ZWJ,Halant,_Consonant_", "NBSP,_mark_", or "NBSP,_matra_".