# Gurmukhi character tables #
This document lists the per-character shaping information needed to
[shape Gurmukhi text](../opentype-shaping-gurmukhi.md).
**Contents**
- [Gurmukhi character table](#gurmukhi-character-table)
- [Vedic Extensions character table](#vedic-extensions-character-table)
- [Miscellaneous character table](#miscellaneous-character-table)
## Gurmukhi character table ##
Gurmukhi glyphs should be classified as in the following
table. Codepoints in the Gurmukhi block with no assigned meaning are
designated as _unassigned_ in the _Unicode category_ column.
Assigned codepoints with a _null_ in the _Shaping class_
column evoke no special behavior from the shaping engine. Note that
this does include some valid codepoints, such as currency marks,
punctuation, and other symbols.
> Note: the `NUMBER` and `SYMBOL` _Shaping classes_ are important
> during syllable identification, but generally evoke no further
> special behavior during the rest of the shaping process.
The _Mark-placement subclass_ column indicates mark-placement
positioning for codepoints in the _Mark_ category. Assigned, non-mark
codepoints have a _null_ in this column and evoke no special
mark-placement behavior. Marks tagged with [Mn] in the _Unicode
category_ column are categorized as non-spacing; marks tagged with
[Mc] are categorized as spacing-combining.
Some codepoints in the following table use a _Shaping class_ that
differs from the codepoint's Unicode _General Category_. The _Shaping
class_ takes precedence during OpenType shaping, as it captures more
specific, script-aware behavior.
:::{table} Gurmukhi character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-----------------------------|
|`U+0A00` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A01` | Mark [Mn] | BINDU | TOP_POSITION | ਁ Adak Bindi |
|`U+0A02` | Mark [Mn] | BINDU | TOP_POSITION | ਂ Bindi |
|`U+0A03` | Mark [Mc] | VISARGA | RIGHT_POSITION | ਃ Visarga |
|`U+0A04` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A05` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ਅ A |
|`U+0A06` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ਆ Aa |
|`U+0A07` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ਇ I |
|`U+0A08` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ਈ Ii |
|`U+0A09` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ਉ U |
|`U+0A0A` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ਊ Uu |
|`U+0A0B` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A0C` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A0D` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A0E` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A0F` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ਏ Ee |
| | | | |
|`U+0A10` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ਐ Ai |
|`U+0A11` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A12` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A13` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ਓ Oo |
|`U+0A14` | Letter | VOWEL_INDEPENDENT | _null_ | ਔ Au |
|`U+0A15` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਕ Ka |
|`U+0A16` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਖ Kha |
|`U+0A17` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਗ Ga |
|`U+0A18` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਘ Gha |
|`U+0A19` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਙ Nga |
|`U+0A1A` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਚ Ca |
|`U+0A1B` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਛ Cha |
|`U+0A1C` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਜ Ja |
|`U+0A1D` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਝ Jha |
|`U+0A1E` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਞ Nya |
|`U+0A1F` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਟ Tta |
| | | | |
|`U+0A20` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਠ Ttha |
|`U+0A21` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਡ Dda |
|`U+0A22` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਢ Ddha |
|`U+0A23` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਣ Nna |
|`U+0A24` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਤ Ta |
|`U+0A25` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਥ Tha |
|`U+0A26` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਦ Da |
|`U+0A27` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਧ Dha |
|`U+0A28` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਨ Na |
|`U+0A29` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A2A` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਪ Pa |
|`U+0A2B` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਫ Pha |
|`U+0A2C` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਬ Ba |
|`U+0A2D` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਭ Bha |
|`U+0A2E` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਮ Ma |
|`U+0A2F` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਯ Ya |
| | | | |
|`U+0A30` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਰ Ra |
|`U+0A31` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A32` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਲ La |
|`U+0A33` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਲ਼ Lla |
|`U+0A34` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A35` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਵ Va |
|`U+0A36` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਸ਼ Sha |
|`U+0A37` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A38` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਸ Sa |
|`U+0A39` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਹ Ha |
|`U+0A3A` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A3B` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A3C` | Mark [Mn] | NUKTA | BOTTOM_POSITION | ਼ Nukta |
|`U+0A3D` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A3E` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ਾ Sign Aa |
|`U+0A3F` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | LEFT_POSITION | ਿ Sign I |
| | | | |
|`U+0A40` | Mark [Mc] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | RIGHT_POSITION | ੀ Sign Ii |
|`U+0A41` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | BOTTOM_POSITION | ੁ Sign U |
|`U+0A42` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | BOTTOM_POSITION | ੂ Sign Uu |
|`U+0A43` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A44` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A45` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A46` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A47` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ੇ Sign Ee |
|`U+0A48` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ੈ Sign Ai |
|`U+0A49` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A4A` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A4B` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ੋ Sign Oo |
|`U+0A4C` | Mark [Mn] | VOWEL_DEPENDENT | TOP_POSITION | ੌ Sign Au |
|`U+0A4D` | Mark [Mn] | VIRAMA | BOTTOM_POSITION | ੍ Virama |
|`U+0A4E` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A4F` | _unassigned_ | | | |
| | | | |
|`U+0A50` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A51` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | _null_ | ੑ Udaat |
|`U+0A52` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A53` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A54` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A55` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A56` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A57` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A58` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A59` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਖ਼ Khha |
|`U+0A5A` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਗ਼ Ghha |
|`U+0A5B` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਜ਼ Za |
|`U+0A5C` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ੜ Rra |
|`U+0A5D` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A5E` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ਫ਼ Fa |
|`U+0A5F` | _unassigned_ | | | |
| | | | |
|`U+0A60` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A61` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A62` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A63` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A64` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A65` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A66` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ੦ Digit Zero |
|`U+0A67` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ੧ Digit One |
|`U+0A68` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ੨ Digit Two |
|`U+0A69` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ੩ Digit Three |
|`U+0A6A` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ੪ Digit Four |
|`U+0A6B` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ੫ Digit Five |
|`U+0A6C` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ੬ Digit Six |
|`U+0A6D` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ੭ Digit Seven |
|`U+0A6E` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ੮ Digit Eight |
|`U+0A6F` | Number | NUMBER | _null_ | ੯ Digit Nine |
| | | | |
|`U+0A70` | Mark [Mn] | BINDU | TOP_POSITION | ੰ Tippi |
|`U+0A71` | Mark [Mn] | GEMINATION_MARK | TOP_POSITION | ੱ Addak |
|`U+0A72` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ੲ Iri |
|`U+0A73` | Letter | CONSONANT | _null_ | ੳ Ura |
|`U+0A74` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ੴ Ek Onkar |
|`U+0A75` | Mark [Mn] | CONSONANT_MEDIAL | BOTTOM_POSITION | ੵ Yakash |
|`U+0A76` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | ੶ Abbreviation Sign |
|`U+0A77` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A78` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A79` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A7A` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A7B` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A7C` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A7D` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A7E` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+0A7F` | _unassigned_ | | | |
:::
## Vedic Extensions character table ##
Sanskrit runs written in the Gurmukhi script may also include
characters from the Vedic Extensions block. These characters should be
classified as follows.
> Note: See the [Vedic Extensions](../opentype-shaping-vedic-extensions.md)
> document for additional information.
:::{table} Vedic Extensions character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-----------------------------|
|`U+1CD0` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳐ Tone Karshana |
|`U+1CD1` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳑ Tone Shara |
|`U+1CD2` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳒ Tone Prenkha |
|`U+1CD3` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | ᳓ Sign Nihshvasa |
|`U+1CD4` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | OVERSTRUCK | ᳔ Tone Midline Svarita |
|`U+1CD5` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳕ Tone Aggravated Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CD6` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳖ Tone Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CD7` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳗ Tone Kathaka Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CD8` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳘ Tone Candra Below |
|`U+1CD9` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳙ Tone Kathaka Independent Svarita Schroeder |
|`U+1CDA` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳚ Tone Double Svarita |
|`U+1CDB` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳛ Tone Triple Svarita |
|`U+1CDC` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳜ Tone Kathaka Anudatta |
|`U+1CDD` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳝ Tone Dot Below |
|`U+1CDE` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳞ Tone Two Dots Below |
|`U+1CDF` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳟ Tone Three Dots Below |
| | | | |
|`U+1CE0` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳠ Tone Rigvedic Kashmiri Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CE1` | Mark [Mc] | CANTILLATION | RIGHT_POSITION | ᳡ Tone Atharavedic Independent Svarita |
|`U+1CE2` | Mark [Mn] | AVAGRAHA | OVERSTRUCK | ᳢ Sign Visarga Svarita |
|`U+1CE3` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳣ Sign Visarga Udatta |
|`U+1CE4` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳤ Sign Reversed Visarga Udatta |
|`U+1CE5` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳥ Sign Visarga Anudatta |
|`U+1CE6` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳦ Sign Reversed Visarga Anudatta |
|`U+1CE7` | Mark [Mn] | _null_ | OVERSTRUCK | ᳧ Sign Visarga Udatta With Tail |
|`U+1CE8` | Mark [Mn] | AVAGRAHA | OVERSTRUCK | ᳨ Sign Visarga Anudatta With Tail |
|`U+1CE9` | Letter | SYMBOL | _null_ | ᳩ Sign Anusvara Antargomukha |
|`U+1CEA` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳪ Sign Anusvara Bahirgomukha |
|`U+1CEB` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳫ Sign Anusvara Vamagomukha |
|`U+1CEC` | Letter | SYMBOL | _null_ | ᳬ Sign Anusvara Vamagomukha With Tail |
|`U+1CED` | Mark [Mn] | AVAGRAHA | BOTTOM_POSITION | ᳭ Sign Tiryak |
|`U+1CEE` | Letter | SYMBOL | _null_ | ᳮ Sign Hexiform Long Anusvara |
|`U+1CEF` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳯ Sign Long Anusvara |
| | | | |
|`U+1CF0` | Letter | _null_ | _null_ | ᳰ Sign Rthang Long Anusvara |
|`U+1CF2` | Letter | CONSONANT_DEAD | _null_ | ᳲ Sign Ardhavisarga |
|`U+1CF3` | Letter | CONSONANT_DEAD | _null_ | ᳳ Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga |
|`U+1CF3` | Mark [Mc] | VISARGA | _null_ | ᳳ Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga |
|`U+1CF4` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ᳴ Tone Candra Above |
|`U+1CF5` | Letter | CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER | _null_ | ᳵ Sign Jihvamuliya |
|`U+1CF6` | Letter | CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER | _null_ | ᳶ Sign Upadhmaniya |
|`U+1CF7` | Mark [Mc] | _null_ | _null_ | ᳷ Sign Atikrama |
|`U+1CF8` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | _null_ | ᳸ Tone Ring Above |
|`U+1CF9` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | _null_ | ᳹ Tone Double Ring Above |
|`U+1CFA` | Letter | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ᳺ Sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha |
|`U+1CFB` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFC` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFD` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFE` | _unassigned_ | | | |
|`U+1CFF` | _unassigned_ | | | |
:::
## Miscellaneous character table ##
In addition to general punctuation, runs of Gurmukhi text often use the
danda (`U+0964`) and double danda (`U+0965`) punctuation marks from
the Devanagari block. Gurmukhi text can also incorporate the udatta
(`U+0951`) and anudatta (`U+0952`) signs from the Devanagari block.
:::{table} Additional punctuation character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-------------------------------|
|`U+0951` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | TOP_POSITION | ॑ Udatta |
|`U+0952` | Mark [Mn] | CANTILLATION | BOTTOM_POSITION | ॒ Anudatta |
|`U+0964` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | । Danda |
|`U+0965` | Punctuation | _null_ | _null_ | ॥ Double Danda |
:::
Other important characters that may be encountered when shaping runs
of Gurmukhi text include the dotted-circle placeholder (`U+25CC`), the
zero-width joiner (`U+200D`) and zero-width non-joiner (`U+200C`), and
the no-break space (`U+00A0`).
The dotted-circle placeholder is frequently used when displaying a
dependent vowel (matra) or a combining mark in isolation. Real-world
text syllables may also use other characters, such as hyphens or dashes,
in a similar placeholder fashion; shaping engines should cope with
this situation gracefully.
:::{table} Miscellaneous character table
| Codepoint | Unicode category | Shaping class | Mark-placement subclass | Glyph |
|:----------|:-----------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:-------------------------------|
|`U+00A0` | Separator | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | No-break space |
|`U+200C` | Other | NON_JOINER | _null_ | Zero-width non-joiner |
|`U+200D` | Other | JOINER | _null_ | Zero-width joiner |
|`U+2010` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ‐ Hyphen |
|`U+2011` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ‑ No-break hyphen |
|`U+2012` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | ‒ Figure dash |
|`U+2013` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | – En dash |
|`U+2014` | Punctuation | PLACEHOLDER | _null_ | — Em dash |
|`U+25CC` | Symbol | DOTTED_CIRCLE | _null_ | ◌ Dotted circle |
:::
The zero-width joiner (ZWJ) is primarily used to prevent the formation
of a conjunct from a "_Consonant_,Halant,_Consonant_" sequence. The
sequence "_Consonant_,Halant,ZWJ,_Consonant_" blocks the formation of
a conjunct between the two consonants.
Note, however, that the "_Consonant_,Halant" subsequence in the above
example may still trigger a half-forms feature. To prevent the
application of the half-forms feature in addition to preventing the
conjunct, the zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) must be used instead. The
sequence "_Consonant_,Halant,ZWNJ,_Consonant_" should produce the
first consonant in its standard form, followed by an explicit
"Halant".
A secondary usage of the zero-width joiner is to prevent the formation of
"Reph". An initial "Ra,Halant,ZWJ" sequence should not produce a "Reph",
where an initial "Ra,Halant" sequence without the zero-width joiner
otherwise would.
The no-break space (NBSP) is primarily used to display those
codepoints that are defined as non-spacing (marks, dependent vowels
(matras), below-base consonant forms, and post-base consonant forms)
in an isolated context, as an alternative to displaying them
superimposed on the dotted-circle placeholder. These sequences will
match "NBSP,ZWJ,Halant,_Consonant_", "NBSP,_mark_", or "NBSP,_matra_".